The New Energy Development

      High-power microwaves are frequently used in civil applications, such as radar and communication systems, heating and current drive of plasmas in fusion devices, and acceleration in high-energy linear colliders. They can also be used for military purpose in directed-energy weapons or missile guidance systems. In a new study published in EPJ D, scientists from Bangladesh demonstrate that their proposed novel method, which is capable of producing such microwaves, offers a viable alternative to traditional approaches. The solution was developed by Md. Ghulam Saber and colleagues from the Islamic University of Technology in Gazipur, Bangladesh.

To generate such high-power microwaves, researchers rely on devices referred to as backward wave oscillators, which are designed to transform the energy of an intense electron beam into electromagnetic radiation at microwave frequencies. The electron beam propagates axially through what is referred to as a slow electro-dynamic structure -- SWS for short. The latter is designed to slow down the electromagnetic wave to phase velocities less than the speed of light.
Only then can the wave interact with the electron beam in a resonant manner. This interaction, in turn, leads to an instability, which is the prerequisite for energy transfer from the electron beam to the electromagnetic wave, and for turning it into high-power microwaves.
Metallic cylinders with a sinusoidally shaped, periodically corrugated inner wall are being extensively used as SWS. The trouble is that they are difficult to manufacture, and require sophisticated numerical machines to design. To overcome this issue, the authors propose an alternative shape of the SWS, in the form of a novel semi-circular structure. They employ numerical techniques to model the dynamics of this structure, and prove that it is a viable alternative for generating high-power microwaves.

The Brushless DC Motor

          To understand why a BLDC motor is so effective, it’s important to have a good understanding of how it works. There are actually two different types, with different benefits and drawbacks. While either one will probably be effective for most jobs, you may wish to familiarize yourself with both types, just in case one would be more appropriate for your project or application than the other.

Any BLDC motor has two primary parts; the rotor, the rotating part, and the stator, the stationary part. Other important parts of the motor are the stator windings and the rotor magnets.

There are two basic BLDC motor designs: inner rotor and outer rotor design.


In an outer rotor design, the windings are located in the core of the motor. The rotor magnets surround the stator windings as shown here. The rotor magnets act as an insulator, thereby reducing the rate of heat dissipation from the motor. Due to the location of the stator windings, outer rotor designs typically operate at lower duty cycles or at a lower rated current. The primary advantage of an outer rotor BLDC motor is relatively low cogging torque.

In an inner rotor design, the stator windings surround the rotor and are affixed to the motor’s housing as shown here. The primary advantage of an inner rotor construction is its ability to dissipate heat.

 A motor’s ability to dissipate heat directly impacts its ability to produce torque. For this reason, the overwhelming majority of BLDC motors use an inner rotor design. Another advantage of an inner rotor design is lower rotor inertia.
BLDC Motor .

If you’re still not sure whether or not this motor is right for you, here is a basic breakdown of some of the primary advantages of the BLDC motor.

High Speed Operation – A BLDC motor can operate at speeds above 10,000 rpm under loaded and unloaded conditions.

Responsiveness & Quick Acceleration – Inner rotor Brushless DC motors have low rotor inertia, allowing them to accelerate, decelerate, and reverse direction quickly.

High Power Density – BLDC motors have the highest running torque per cubic inch of any DC motor.

High Reliability – BLDC motors do not have brushes, meaning they are more reliable and have life expectancies of over 10,000 hours. This results in fewer instances of replacement or repair and less overall down time for your project.

For details click here

See the working model of this motor here.

Story beyond the "Transistor"

            John Bardeen, a inventor of the transistor that led to modern electronics and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, died yesterday at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. He was 82 years old.                                  

Dr. Bardeen, a professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, was a patient at the hospital when he suffered a heart attack, said Larry Bernard, a university spokesman.

A soft-spoken theoretical physicist, Dr. Bardeen was working with two other scientists, Walter Brattain and William P. Shockley, at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J., when they developed the first semiconductor transistor in 1947. The invention was announced in June 1948, and its first commercial use was in telephone-switching equipment four years later. Revolutionary Inventions.

Invention of the transistor earned the three men a Nobel Prize in 1956 and transformed science and industry. The tiny devices on silicon chips pushed aside the large, inefficient vacuum tubes for portable radios, computers and the miniaturized electronics required for space flight.

Dr. Bardeen once remarked, "I knew the transistor was important, but I never foresaw the revolution in electronics it would bring."

Speaking of him yesterday, Dr. Robert M. Berdahl, vice chancellor of the University of Illinois, said, "There are very few people who had a greater impact on the whole of the 20th century."                                           
The name "transistor" is derived from a combination of the words "transfer" and "resistor." As its name implies, the device regulates the flow of electric current through a combination of conductivity and resistance. The transistor is most often used to switch electricity on and off, as in making and breaking connections in communications systems or computers.

Dr. Bardeen was the last surviving member of the team responsible for the invention. Dr. Brattain died in 1987, and Dr. Shockley in 1989. Superconductivity Theory

In 1951, Dr. Bardeen joined the faculty at the University of Illinois and soon began the research that made him the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes in the same field. He developed a theory of low-temperature superconductivity in which electricity travels with little or no resistance. This helped researchers develop technologies to make medical diagnoses and made it possible to devise alloys that become superconducting at less extreme temperatures. He considered the superconductivity theory his greatest scientific achievement.

"Superconductivity was more difficult to solve, and it required some radically new concepts," he once said.

His work on superconductivity was done with two graduate students, Leon Cooper, now at Brown University, and J. Robert Schrieffer, now at the University of California at Santa Barbara. The three shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972.

The morning the second prize was announced, Dr. Bardeen almost missed a champagne celebration in his honor because of a misbehaving spin off of his first prize-winning invention. He was unable to get his electronically controlled garage door to open. Colleagues at the university had to send a car to take him to the campus. Persistence 'Pays Off'

Noting that it had taken nearly two decades to develop the superconductivity theory, Dr. Bardeen told friends, "I'd say you've got to believe in persistence -- it sometimes pays off."

John Bardeen was born May 23, 1908, in Madison, Wis., the son of a dean of the medical school at the University of Wisconsin. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering at the university and, after working three years as a geophysicist at Gulf Research Laboratories in Pittsburgh, earned a doctorate in mathematical physics at Princeton University in 1936.

Later, he held a fellowship at Harvard University, taught at the University of Minnesota and was a physicist with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory during World War II. After the war, he joined the Bell Laboratories as a researcher in solid-state physics. From 1951 until his retirement in 1975, he was a professor of electrical engineering and physics at the University of Illinois.

Dr. Bardeen also served on the President's Science Advisory Committee from 1959 to 1962 and on the White House Science Council in the early 1980's. His honors included the National Medal of Science in 1965, the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976, and the Lomonosov Prize from the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1988. He received 16 honorary degrees and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and the American Philosophical Society.

Two years ago, the Sony Corporation endowed a $3 million faculty position at the University of Illinois in Dr. Bardeen's honor. Michael P. Schulhof, vice chairman of the Sony Corporation of America, said, "Sony's achievements, from Japan's first transistor radio to the latest digital processors, owe a significant debt to the scientific contributions of Professor Bardeen."

Dr. Bardeen is survived by his wife, the former Jane Maxwell; two sons, James M. of Seattle and William A. of Glen Ellyn, Ill.; a daughter, Elizabeth A. Greytak of Chestnut Hill, Mass., and six grandchildren. Refer more here.

Reason beyond the name "Nobel Prize"

           The Nobel Prize (Swedish pronunciation: [noˈbɛl], Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Norwegian: Nobelprisen) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in a number of categories by Swedish and Norwegian committees in recognition of cultural and/or scientific advances. The will of the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Physics, Chemistry,Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace were first awarded in 1901. The related Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established by Sweden's central bank in 1968. The nobel prize was made of the mixture of gold and silver with 24 carat or 4.8.g gold coating. Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 555 times to 856 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 835 individuals (791 men and 44 women) and 21 organizations.

The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm, Sweden. The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, peace, and economics.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Physics, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature; and the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded not by a Swedish organisation but by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

The various prizes are awarded yearly. Each recipient, or laureate, receives a gold medal, a diploma and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation. As of 2012, each prize was worth 8 million SEK (c. US$1.2 million, €0.93 million). The prize is not awarded posthumously; however, if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize may still be presented.Though the average number of laureates per prize increased substantially during the 20th century, a prize may not be shared among more than three people.

In 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own obituary, titled The merchant of death is dead, in a French newspaper. As it was Alfred's brother Ludvig who had died, the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his will. On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in San Remo, Italy, from a cerebral haemorrhage. He was 63 years old.Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers. He was a chemist, engineer, and inventor. In 1894, Nobel purchased the Bofors iron and steel mill, which he made into a major armaments manufacturer. Nobel also invented ballistite. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder cordite. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a patent infringement lawsuit over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.

Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895. To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes. Because of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that it was approved by the Storting in Norway. The executors of Nobel's will, Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the award of prizes.

Nobel's instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated or established. These were Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June. The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.1905, the personal union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved. Thereafter, Norway's Nobel Committee was responsible for awarding the Nobel Peace Prize and the Swedish institutions retained responsibility for the other prizes. For details click here

Li-Fi Technology

            Li-Fi, as coined by Prof. Harald Haas during his TED Global talk is bidirectional, high speed and fully networked wireless communications, like Wi-Fi, using light. Li-Fi is a subset of optical wireless communications (OWC) and can be a complement to RF communication (Wi-Fi or Cellular network), or a replacement in contexts of data broadcasting. See more about Li-Fi

            It is going to complete and ready for implementation with the IEEE Spectrum

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The Mirror Paradox

Why Mirror flips the images Horizontally rather than Vertically.?

           Left and right are the only directions which are described relative to the observer. Up and down (and north, south etc) are independent of whichever way you're facing. When you look in the mirror, up, down, east and west are still in the same place. But you read printed text from left to right - not east to west - hence the problem with 'mirror writing'. See more about mirror Paradox.

        

Buchholz Relay

          A Buchholz relay is a gas and oil operated device installed in the pipework between the top of the transformer main tank and the conservator. A second relay is sometimes used for the tapchanger selector chamber. The function of the relay is to detect an abnormal condition within the tank and send an alarm or trip signal. Under normal conditions the relay is completely full of oil. Operation occurs when floats are displaced by an accumulation of gas, or a flap is moved by a surge of oil. Almost all large oil-filled transformers are equipped with a Buchholz relay, first developed by Max Buchholz in 1921.For more info click here.

Outer structure of Buchholz Relay

Block representation of Buchholz Relay

Working of Relay

Arduino AT Mega 2560

         Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and manufactures kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. Arduino boards may be purchased pre assembled, or as do-it-yourself kits; at the same time, the hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino from scratch. Click here for 

more Info.

Module

Schematic Circuit of AT Mega 2560

Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card-sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. For more info click here.       

Logo

Entire module of Raspberry Pi

Line follower using Raspberry Pi

Smart Grid

• A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that uses analogue or digital information and communications technology to gather and act on information.



Layout of Smart grid

• Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid.

Monitor controlling system of Smart grid

• Such as information about the behaviours of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability,economics,and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.

                                       

Before and after the implementation of Smart grid

The Green Energy generation technique

                Power generation using photovoltaic cell technology.

The ring generating station for maximum efficiency

The most advanced flexible solar panel

Wind Energy

                                    Off shore windmills for greater efficiency

Simple Decision maker Circuit

This is a simple circuit which is your to take the decision on its own.

Model Snap

                                                            Circuit Diagram

Working Video

Wireless Power Transmission technology

Wow...! The electrical power is transmitted without any medium. For more details Click here.